Who Is Truly Fighting Climate Change?

The 2015 Paris agreement seemed to establish a framework of historical convergence: 195 signatory states and a common goal of limiting global warming to 1.5°C. But ten years later, the effective withdrawal of the United States reveals the fragility of this construction. The first historical emitter of greenhouse gases turns its back on the multilateral framework—a powerful signal that climate action does not stem from a global alignment of wills, but is part of a field of tensions between national interests, competitiveness issues and choice of energy model. In this context, the conduct of the transition is decisive. States set frameworks, but these are contested. Companies innovate under pressure from markets and regulations. Financial players arbitrate the cost of climate risk. The territories are experimenting. NGOs and public opinion impose new constraints. Who then really transforms the trajectories of emissions? Can we still talk about collective governance, or are we now witnessing a competition between actors with divergent interests?