Taking action in the face of technological competition

The emergence from the health crisis of vaccines obtained in record time, thanks to advanced biotechnologies, has reopened the recurrent debate on the place of each nation in the technological race. This long-standing and recurring debate has once again demonstrated its importance: mastering the most advanced techniques allows, in addition to well-known economic advantages, to have the most effective solutions to foreseeable and unforeseen challenges. While intellectual cooperation remains desirable, technological competition is inevitable and it is necessary to act quickly to avoid being left behind. How then to train or attract research, engineering and entrepreneurial talent? Can the public and private spheres work together effectively to drive rapid technological progress in a given territory? Should the state be strategic and interventionist, or should it let innovative private actors act organically? Are the amounts invested sufficient to remain competitive? Are PIIECs a good solution for keeping Europe in the technological mainstream?