L’Europe se sous estime-t-elle ?

The European Union has unique institutions and major economic, industrial, and technological strengths. Yet, compared to the United States or China, it often seems uncertain about its ability to compete on the global stage. Between market fragmentation, slow decision-making processes, and internal divisions, Europe sometimes appears to be a constrained power, held back by underinvestment, high energy costs, and a certain aversion to risk.

However, in strategic sectors such as the energy transition, aerospace, green industry, and advanced technologies, it still maintains strong positions. The issue, therefore, is not only one of capabilities, but also of how effectively they are mobilized.
What are the key sectors that enable Europe to remain competitive? How can productivity gains, investment, and skilled jobs be stimulated in order to strengthen its strategic autonomy? Finally, what economic, political, or cultural structural barriers continue to limit its full potential?