Has the EU taken its real meaning in the face of adversity?

The COVID crisis has highlighted both national fragilities and the risk of divergence between European states. The EU improvised on the health front and then reacted strongly on the economic front (ECB, NextGeneration EU). But is this strong economic reaction up to the stakes, considering risks of European downgrading in the competition with United States and China? Are there strategic flaws, in terms of efficiency, governance or debt? Biden’s recovery plan also puts the strength of the European response into perspective, while the divergence of public debt levels in Europe raises again the question of budgetary rules. Is it therefore desirable to reinforce and perpetuate the European recovery plan or should we find other means of action at the national level? Has the European Union given itself the means to respond to the technology and resilience challenges in the future, particularly in terms of health, economy, and environment?